References are cited in the compilation by Reference Number (Nbr.). The complete list of references in NISTIR 6853 is given in the following table.
| Nbr. | Reference Citation |
|---|---|
| 1 | S. Timoshenko, Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-Hill, New York (1934). |
| 2 | R. Hooke, De Potentia Restitutiva, London (1678). |
| 3 | T. Young, On the Equilibrium and Strength of Elastic Substances, Mathematical Elements of Natural Philosophy, Vol. II of Dr. Young's Lectures , Section IX, p. 46 (1807). |
| 4 | C. A. Coulomb, Theoretical and Experimental Researches on the Force of Torsion and on the Elasticity of Metal Wires, Histoire de l'Academie des Sciences, Year 1784 , pp. 229-269 (1787). |
| 5 | ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. |
| 6 | G. Pickett, Equations for Computing Elastic Constants from Flexural and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Vibration of Prisms and Cylinders, American Society for Testing and Materials, Proceedings, Vol. 45, pp. 846-865 (1945). |
| 7 | S. Spinner and W. E. Tefft, A Method for Determining Mechanical Resonance Frequencies and for Calculating Elastic Moduli from These Frequencies, American Society for Testing and Materials, Proceedings, Vol. 61, pp. 1221-1238 (1961). |
| 8 | G. Roebben, B. Bollen, A. Brebels, J. Van Humbeeck, and O. Van der Biest, Impulse Excitation Apparatus to Measure Resonant Frequencies, Elastic Moduli, and Internal Friction at Room and High Temperature, Reviews of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 68, No. 12, pp. 4511-4515 (1997). |
| 9 | J. T. Richards, An Evaluation of Several Static and Dynamic Methods for Determiing Elastic Moduli, ASTM STP No. 129, American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 71-98 (1952). |
| 10 | S. Spinner and R. C. Valore, Jr., Comparison of Theoretical and Empirical Relations Between the Shear Modulus and Torsional Resonance Frequencies for Bars of Rectangular Cross Section, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 459-464 (1958). |
| 11 | S. Spinner, T. W. Reichard, and W. E. Tefft, A Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Relations Between Young's Modulus and the Flexural and Longitudinal Resonance Frequencies of Uniform Bars, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 64A, No. 2, pp. 147-155 (1960). |
| 12 | J. S. Smith, M. D. Wyrick, and J. M. Poole, An Evaluation of Three Techniques for Determining the Young's Modulus of Mechanically Alloyed Materials, ASTM STP 1045, edited by A. Wolfenden, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 195-207 (1990). |
| 13 | A. Wolfenden, M. R. Harmouche, G. V. Blessing, Y. T. Chen, P. Terranova, V. Dayal, V. K. Kinra, J. W. Lemmens, R. R. Phillips, J. S. Smith, P. Mahmoodi, and R. J. Wann, Dynamic Young's Modulus Measurements in Metallic Materials: Results of an Interlaboratory Testing Program, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 2-13 (1989). |
| 14 | R. W. Dickson and J. B. Wachtman, Jr., An Alumina Standard Reference Material for Resonance Frequency and Dynamic Elastic Moduli Measurement, I. For Use at 25 °C, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 75A, No. 3, pp. 155-162 (1971). |
| 15 | R. W. Rice, Porosity of Ceramics, Marcel Dekker, New York (1998). |
| 16 | S. M. Lang, Properties of High-Temperature Ceramics and Cermets, Elasticity and Density at Room Temperature, Monograph 6, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. (1960). |
| 17 | O. L. Anderson, Determination and Some Uses of Isotropic Elastic Constants of Polycrystalline Aggregates Using Single-Crystal Data, Physical Acoustics, Vol. 3B, pp. 43-95 (1965). |
| 18 | O. L. Anderson, E. Schreiber, and R. C. Liebermann, Some Elastic Constant Data on Minerals Relevant to Geophysics, Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 491-524 (1968). |
| 19 | O. L. Anderson, D. Isaak, and H. Oda, High-Temperature Elastic Constant Data on Minerals Relevant to Geophysics, Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 57-90 (1992). |
| 20 | R. W. Rice, Relation of Tensile Strength-Porosity Effects in Ceramics to Porosity Dependence of Young's Modulus and Fracture Energy, Porosity Character and Grain Size, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A112, pp. 215-224 (1989). |
| 21 | R. W. Rice, The Porosity Dependence of Physical Properties of Materials: A Summary Review, Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 115, pp. 1-20 (1995). |
| 22 | R. W. Rice, Evaluation and Extension of Physical Property-Porosity Models Based on Minimum Solid Area, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 31, pp. 102-118 (1996). |
| 23 | R. G. Munro, Mechanical Properties, Handbook of Superconductivity, edited by C. P. Poole, Academic Press, New York, pp. 570-625 (1999). |
| 24 | R. G. Munro and S. W. Freiman, Correlation of Fracture Toughness and Strength, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 82, No. 8, pp. 2246-2248 (1999). |
| 25 | M. Born and K. Huang, Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices, Oxford University, New York (1954). |
| 26 | J. B. Wachtman, Jr., W. E. Tefft, D. G. Lam, Jr., and C. S. Apstein, Physical Review, Vol. 122, No. 6, pp. 1754-1759 (1961). |
| 27 | O. L. Anderson, Derivation of Wachtman's Equation for the Temperature Dependence of Elastic Moduli of Oxide Compounds, Physical Review, Vol. 144, No. 2, pp. 553-557 (1966). |
| 28 | W. Kreher, J. Ranachowski, and F. Rejmund, Ultrasonic Waves in Porous Ceramics With Non-Spherical Holes, Ultrasonics, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 70-74 (1977). |
| 29 | E. A. Dean, Elastic Moduli of Porous Sintered Materials as Modeled by a Variable-Aspect-Ratio Self-Consistent Oblate-Spheroidal-Inclusion Theory, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 66, No. 12, pp. 847-854 (1983). |
| 30 | N. Ramakrishnan and V. S. Arunachalam, Effective Elastic Moduli of Porous Solids, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 25, pp. 3930-3937 (1990). |
| 31 | D. N. Boccaccini and A. R. Boccaccini, Dependence of Ultrasonic Velocity on Porosity and Pore Shape in Sintered Materials, Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 187-192 (1997). |
| 32 | A. R. Boccaccini and Z. Fan, A New Approach for the Young's Modulus-Porosity Correlation of Ceramic Materials, Ceramics International, Vol. 23, pp. 239-245 (1997). |
| 33 | F. Wang, W. Gou, X. Zheng, and M. Lu, Effective Elastic Moduli of Ceramics with Pores, Journal of Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 14, pp. 286-288 (1998). |
| 34 | R. W. Rice, Comparison of Stress Concentration versus Minimum Solid Area Based on Mechanical Property-Porosity Relations, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 28, pp. 2187-2190 (1993). |
| 35 | R. W. Rice, Comparison of Physical Property-Porosity Behaviour with Minimum Solid Area Models, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 31, pp. 1509-1528 (1996). |
| 36 | A. K. Mukhopadhyay and K. K. Phani, Young's Modulus-Porosity Relations: an Analysis Based on a Minimum Contact Area Model, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 33, pp. 69-72 (1998). |
| 37 | A. K. Mukhopadhyay and K. K. Phani, Ultrasonic Velocity-Porosity Relations: An Analysis Based on a Minimum Contact Area Model, Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 18, pp. 1759-1760 (1999). |
| 38 | A. K. Mukhopadhyay and K. K. Phani, An Analysis of Microstructural Parameters in the Minimum Contact Area Model for Ultrasonic Velocity-Porosity Relations, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 20, pp. 29-38 (2000). |
| 39 | D. G. Bika, M. Gentzler, and J. N. Michaels, Mechanical Properties of Agglomerates, Powder Technology, Vol. 117, pp. 98-112 (2001). |
| 40 | A. P. Roberts and E. J. Garboczi, Elastic Properties of Model Porous Ceramics, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 83, No. 12, pp. 3041-3048 (2000). |
| 41 | A. P. Roberts and E. J. Garboczi, Elastic Moduli of Model Random Three-Dimensional Closed-Cell Cellular Solids, Acta Materialia, Vol. 49, pp. 189-197 (2001). |
| 42 | J. M. Dewey, The Elastic Constants of Materials Loaded with Non-Rigid Fillers, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 18, pp. 578-581 (1947). |
| 43 | J. K. Mackenzie, Elastic Constants of a Solid Containing Spherical Holes, Proceedings of the Physical Society, Section B, Vol. 63, pp. 2-11 (1950). |
| 44 | R. M. Spriggs and T. Vasilos, Effect of Grain Size and Porosity on the Transverse Bend Strength and Elastic Modulus of Hot Pressed Alumina and Magnesia, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 40, No. 4, pg. 187 (1961). |
| 45 | D. P. H. Hasselman, On the Porosity Dependence of the Elastic Moduli of Polycrystalline Refractory Materials, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 45, pp. 452-453 (1962). |
| 46 | O. Ishai and L. J. Cohen, Elastic Properties of Filled and Porous Epoxy Composites, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 9, pp. 539-546 (1967). |
| 47 | J. C. Wang, Young's Modulus of Porous Materials, Part 1, Theoretical Derivation of Modulus-Porosity Correlation, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 19, pp. 801-808 (1984). |
| 48 | K. K. Phani and S. K. Niyogi, Young's Modulus of Porous Brittle Solids, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 22, pp. 257-263 (1987). |
| 49 | A. S. Wagh, R. B. Poeppel, and J. P. Singh, Open Pore Description of Mechanical Properties of Ceramics, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 26, pp. 3862-3868 (1991). |
| 50 | M. Kupkova, Porosity Dependence of Material Elastic Moduli, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 28, pp. 5265-5268 (1993). |
| 51 | A. R. Boccaccini, G. Ondracek, P. Mazilu, and D. Windelberg, On the Effective Young's Modulus of Elasticity for Porous Materials: Microstructure Modelling and Comparison Between Calculated and Experimental Values, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Vol. 4, pp. 119-128 (1993). |
| 52 | B. Budiansky, On the Elastic Moduli of Some Heterogeneous Materials, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 13, pp. 223-227 (1965). |
| 53 | E. A. Dean and J. A. Lopez, Empirical Dependence of Elastic Moduli on Porosity for Ceramic Materials, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 366-370 (1983). |
| 54 | K. K. Phani, Young's Modulus- Porosity Relation in Gypsum Systems, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 65, No. 12, pp. 1584-1586 (1986). |
| 55 | K. K. Phani, Elastic-Constant-Porosity Relations for Polycrystalline Thoria, Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 5, pp. 747-750 (1986). |
| 56 | K. K. Phani and S. K. Niyogi, Porosity Dependence of Ultrasonic Velocity and Elastic Modulus in Sintered Uranium Dioxide, Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 5, pp. 427-430 (1986). |
| 57 | K. K. Phani and S. K. Niyogi, Elastic Modulus-Porosity Relation in Polycrystalline Rare-Earth Oxides, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 70, No. 12, pp. C-362 - C-366 (1987). |
| 58 | N. Ramakrishnan and V. S. Arunachalam, Effective Elastic Moduli of Porous Ceramic Materials, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 76, pp. 2745-2752 (1993). |
| 59 | L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, The Mechanics of Three-Dimensional Cellular Materials, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. A382, pp. 43-59 (1982). |
| 60 | R. G. Munro, Effective Medium Theory of the Porosity Dependence of Bulk Moduli, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 1190-1192 (2001). |
| 61 | A. Migliori, T. Chen, B. Alavi, and G. Grüner, Ultrasound Anomaly at Tc in YBa2Cu3Oy , Solid State Communications, Vol. 63, No. 9, pp. 827-829 (1987). |
| 62 | Y. Horie, Y. Terashi, H. Fukuda, T. Fukami, and S. Mase, Ultrasonic Studies of the High Tc Superconductor Y2Ba4Cu6O14 , Solid State Communications, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 501-504 (1987). |
| 63 | G. Cannelli, R. Cantelli, F. Cordero, G. A. Costa, M. Ferretti, and G. L. Olcese, Anelastic Relaxation in the High-Tc Superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-x , Physical Review B, Vol. 36, No. 16, pp. 8907-8909 (1987). |
| 64 | S. Ewert, S. Guo, P. Lemmens, F. Stellmach, J. Wynants, G. Arlt, D. Bonnenberg, H. Kliem, A. Comberg, and H. Passing, Ultrasonic Investigations on Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-(delta) Samples of Different Microstructure, Solid State Communications, Vol. 64, No. 8, pp. 1153-1156 (1987). |
| 65 | Y. He, B. Zhang, S. Lin, J. Xiang, Y. Lou, and H. Chen, Ultrasonic Investigation of Lattice Instability and Superconductivity in High-Tc Systems, Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics, Vol. 17, pp. L243-L248 (1987). |
| 66 | S. Bhattacharya, M. J. Higgins, D. C. Johnston, A. J. Jacobson, J. P. Stokes, D. P. Goshorn, and J. T. Lewandowski, Elastic Anomalies and Phase Transitions in High-Tc Superconductors, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 60, No. 12, pp. 1181-1184 (1988). |
| 67 | M. Suzuki, Y. Okuda, I. Iwasa, A. J. Ikushima, T. Takabatake, Y. Nakazawa, and M. Ishikawa, Sound Velocity and Attenuation in YBa2Cu3Oy , Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. L308-L310 (1988). |
| 68 | M. Saint-Paul, J. L. Tholence, P. Monceau, H. Noel, J. C. Levet, M. Potel, P. Gougeon, and J. J. Capponi, Ultrasound Study of YBa2Cu3O7-(delta) Single Crystals, Solid State Communications, Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 641-643 (1988). |
| 69 | S. Bhattacharya, M. J. Higgins, D. C. Johnston, A. J. Jacobson, J. P. Stokes, J. T. Lewandowski, and D. P. Goshorn, Anomalous Ultrasound Propagation in High-Tc Superconductors: La1.8Sr0.2CuO4-y and YBa2Cu3O7-(delta), Physical Review B, Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 5901-5904 (1988). |
| 70 | S. Hoen, L. C. Bourne, C. M. Kim, and A. Zettl, Elastic Response of Polycrystalline and Single-Crystal YBa2Cu3O7, Physical Review B, Vol. 38, No. 16, pp. 11949-11951 (1988). |
| 71 | X. D. Shi, R. C. Yu, Z. Z. Wang, N. P. Ong, and P. M. Chaikin, Sound Velocity and Attenuation in Single-Crystal YBa2Cu3O7-(delta), Physical Review B, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 827-830 (1989). |
| 72 | P. K. Choi, H. Koizumi, K. Takagi, and T. Suzuki, Anomalies of Ultrasonic Velocity in High-Tc Ceramics YBa2Cu3Oy and BiSrCaCu2Oy , Solid State Communications, Vol. 70, No. 12, pp. 1175-1178 (1989). |
| 73 | N.N. Ault and H.F.G. Ueltz, Sonic Analysis for Solid Bodies, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 199-203 (1953). |
| 74 | R.L. Coble and W.D. Kingery, Effect of Porosity on Physical Properties of Sintered Alumina, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 39, No. 11, pp. 377-385 (1956). |
| 75 | J.B. Wachtman,Jr. and D.G. Lam,Jr., Young's Modulus of Various Refractory Materials as a Function of Temperature, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 254-260 (1959). |
| 76 | F.P. Knudsen, Effect of Porosity on Young's Modulus of Alumina, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 94-95 (1962). |
| 77 | R.M. Spriggs, J.B. Mitchell, and T. Vasilos, Mechanical Properties of Pure, Dense Aluminum Oxide as a Function of Temperature and Grain Size, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 323-327 (1964). |
| 78 | D.B. Binns and P. Popper, Mechanical Properties of Some Commerical Alumina Ceramics, Proceedings of the British Ceramic Society, Vol. 6, pp. 71-82 (1966). |
| 79 | E. Schreiber and O.L. Anderson, Pressure Derivatives of the Sound Velocities of Polycrystalline Alumina, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 49, pp. 184-190 (1966). |
| 80 | N. Soga and O.L. Anderson, High-Temperature Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline MgO and Al2O3, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 49, No. 7, pp. 355-359 (1966). |
| 81 | D.H. Chung and G. Simmons, Pressure and Temperature Dependences of the Isotropic Elastic Moduli of Polycrystalline Alumina, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 39, No. 11, pp. 5316-5326 (1968). |
| 82 | A. Nagarajan, Ultrasonic Study of Elasticity-Porosity Relationship in Polycrystalline Alumina, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 3693-3696 (1971). |
| 83 | J.C. Wang, Young's Modulus of Porous Materials, Part 2, Young's Modulus of Porous Alumina with Changing Pore Structure, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 19, pp. 809-814 (1984). |
| 84 | C.C. Wu and R.W. Rice, Porosity Dependence of Wear and Other Mechanical Properties of Fine-Grain Al2O3 and B4C, Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Vol. 6, pp. 977-993 (1985). |
| 85 | H. Hagiwara and D.J. Green, Elastic Behavior of Open-Cell Alumina, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 70, No. 11, pp. 811-815 (1987). |
| 86 | T. Goto and O.L. Anderson, Elastic Constants of Corundum up to 1825 K, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, No. B6, pp. 7588-7602 (1989). |
| 87 | D.J. Green, C. Nader, and R. Brezny, The Elastic Behavior of Partially-Sintered Alumina, Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 7, pp. 345-356 (1990). |
| 88 | J. Kubler, Weibull Characterization of Four Hipped/Posthipped Engineering Ceramics Between Room Temperature and 1500 °C, Report Number: EMPA-Nr. 129'747, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, pp. 1-88 (1992). |
| 89 | D.C. Lam, F.F. Lange, and A.G. Evans, Mechanical Properties of Partially Dense Alumina Produced from Powder Compacts, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 77, No. 8, pp. 2113-2117 (1994). |
| 90 | J. Piekarczyk, J. Lis, and J. Bialoskorski, Elastic Properties, Hardness and Indentation Fracture Toughness of (beta)-Sialons, Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 89, pp. 541-546 (1994). |
| 91 | K. S. Tan, P. Hing, and P. Ramalingam, The Elastic Moduli and Diametrical Compressive Fracture Stress of Al2O3-ZrO2 Ceramics, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 30, pp. 1029-1037 (1997). |
| 92 | A. Wolfenden, Measurement and Analysis of Elastic and Anelastic Properties of Alumina and Silicon Carbide, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 32, pp. 2275-2282 (1997). |
| 93 | B.D. Flinn, R.K. Borida, A. Zimmermann, and J. Rodel, Evolution of Defect Size and Strength of Porous Alumina During Sintering, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 20, pp. 2561-2568 (2000). |
| 94 | D. Dierickx, I. Houben, J. Lapin, F. Delannay, O. Van Der Biest, Dense Polycrystalline BaZrO3 Substrates for YBa2Cu3O7-x Melt Processing, Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 15, pp. 1573-1576 (1996). |
| 95 | K.C. Goretta, E.T. Park, R.E. Koritala, M.M. Cuber, E.A. Pascual, N. Chen, A.R. de Arellano-Lopez, and J.L. Routbort, Thermomechanical Response of Polycrystalline BaZrO3, Physica C, Vol. 309, pp. 245-250 (1998). |
| 96 | B. A. Chandler, E. C. Duderstadt, and J. F. White, Fabrication and Properties of Extruded and Sintered BeO, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 329-347 (1963). |
| 97 | R.E. Fryxell and B.A. Chandler, Creep, Strength, Expansion, and Elastic Moduli of Sintered BeO as a Function of Grain Size, Porosity, and Grain Orientation, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 283-291 (1964). |
| 98 | Y. He, J. Xiang, S. Jin, A. He, and J. Zhang, Ultrasonic Investigation of the Layered Perovskite Ceramic Superconducting Systems, Physica B, Vol. 165&166, pp. 1283-1284 (1990). |
| 99 | R. R. Reddy, M. Muralidhar, V. H. Babu, and P. V. Reddy, The Relationship Between the Porosity and Elastic Moduli of the Bi-Pb-2212 High-Tc Superconductor, Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 8, pp. 101-107 (1995). |
| 100 | M. Muralidhar, K.N. Kishore, Y. V. Ramana, and V. H. Babu, Elastic and Plastic Behaviour of Lead and Silver Doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconductors, Materials Science and Engineering B, Vol. 13, pp. 215-219 (1992). |
| 101 | S. Satyavathi, M. Muralidhar, V. H. Babu, R. R. Reddy, and P. V. Reddy, Elastic Behaviour of Bi-Pb-Ag-Ca2CuO3 Superconducting Composite Materials, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 209, pp. 329-335 (1994). |
| 102 | R .J. Topare, K. Ganesh, N. K. Sahuji, S. S. Shah, and P. V. Reddy, Elastic Anomalies in Bi-Pb-2223/Ag Superconducting Composite Materials, Physica C, Vol. 253, pp. 89-96 (1995). |
| 103 | O. O. Oduleye, S. J. Penn, and N. McN. Alford, The Mechanical Properties of (Bi-Pb)SrCaCuO, Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 11, pp. 858-865 (1998). |
| 104 | W. R. Manning, M. O. Marlowe, and D. R. Wilder, Temperature and Porosity Dependence of Young's Modulus of Polycrystalline Dysprosium Oxide and Erbium Oxide, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 227-228 (1966). |
| 105 | W. R. Manning, O. Hunter, Jr., and B. R. Powell, Jr., Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline Yttrium Oxide, Dysprosium Oxide, Holmium Oxide, and Erbium Oxide: Room Temperature Measurements, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 52, No. 8, pp. 436-442 (1969). |
| 106 | W. R. Manning and O. Hunter, Jr., Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline Yttrium Oxide, Holmium Oxide, and Erbium Oxide: High-Temperature Measurements, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 492-496 (1969). |
| 107 | A. A. Sharif, F. Chu, A. Mirsa, T. E. Mitchell, and J. J. Petrovic, Elastic Constants of Erbia Single Crystals, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 83, No. 9, pp. 2246-2250 (2000). |
| 108 | J. A. Haglund and O. Hunter,Jr., Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline Monoclinic Gd2O3, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 327-330 (1973). |
| 109 | S. L. Dole, O. Hunter,Jr., and C. J. Wooge, Elastic Properties of Monoclinic Hafnium Oxide at Room Temperature, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 60, No. 11, pp. 488-490 (1977). |
| 110 | R. W. Scheidecker, O. Hunter,Jr., and F. W. Calderwood, Elastic Properties of Partially-Stabilized HfO2 Compositions, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 14, pp. 2284-2288 (1979). |
| 111 | S. L. Dole, O. Hunter, Jr., and F. W. Calderwood, Elastic Properties of Stabilized HfO2 Compositions, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 136-139 (1980). |
| 112 | S. L. Dole and O. Hunter, Jr., Elastic Properties of Hafnium and Zirconium Oxides Stabilized with Praseodymium or Terbium Oxide, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. C-47-C-49 (1983). |
| 113 | G. W. Crabtree, J. W. Downey, B. K. Flandermeyer, J. D. Jorgensen, T. E. Klippert, D. S. Kupperman, W. K. Kwok, D. J. Lam, A. W. Mitchell, A. G. McKale, M. V. Nevitt, L. J. Nowicki, A. P. Paulikas, R. B. Poeppel, S. J. Rothman, J. L. Roubort, J. P. Singh, C. H. Sowers, A. Umezawa, B. W. Veal, and J. E. Baker, Fabrication, Mechanical Properties, Heat Capacity, Oxygen Diffusion, and the Effect of Alkali Earth Ion Substitution on High Tc Superconductors, Advanced Ceramic Materials, Vol. 2, No. 3B, pp. 444-456 (1987). |
| 114 | A. J. Zaleski and J. Klamut, Penetration Depth in Magnetically Oriented, Ceramic, Ni- and Zn-doped La2-xSrxCuO4, Physica C, Vol. 282, pp. 1463-1464 (1997). |
| 115 | W. R. Manning and O. Hunter, Jr., Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline Thulium Oxide and Lutetium Oxide from 20 °C to 1000 °C, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 279-280 (1970). |
| 116 | O. Hunter, Jr. and G. E. Graddy, Jr., Porosity Dependence of Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline Cubic Lu2O3, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 82-82 (1976). |
| 117 | D. F. Porter, J. S. Reed, and D. Lewis, Elastic Moduli of Refractory Spinels, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 60, No. 7, pp. 345-349 (1977). |
| 118 | R. L. Stewart and R. C. Bradt, Fracture of Polycrystalline MgAl2O4, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 63, No. 11, pp. 619-623 (1980). |
| 119 | A. Ghosh, K. W. White, M. G. Jenkins, A. S. Kobayashi, and R. C. Bradt, Fracture Resistance of a Transparent Magnesium Aluminate Spinel, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 74, No. 7, pp. 1624-1630 (1991). |
| 120 | K. W. White and G. P. Kelkar, Fracture Mechanisms of a Coarse-Grained, Transparent MgAl2O4 at Elevated Temperatures, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 75, No. 12, pp. 3440-3444 (1992). |
| 121 | C. Baudin, R. Martinez, and P. Pena, High-Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Stoichiometric Magnesium Spinel, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 78, No. 7, pp. 1857-1862 (1995). |
| 122 | K. R. Janowski and R. C. Rossi, Elastic Behavior of MgO Matrix Composites, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 50, No. 11, pp. 599-603 (1967). |
| 123 | N. Soga and E. Schreiber, Porosity Dependence of Sound Velocity and Poisson's Ratio for Polycrystalline MgO Determined by Resonant Sphere Method, Vol. 51, No. 8, pp. 465-466 (1968). |
| 124 | Y. Sumino, O. L. Anderson, and I. Suzuki, Temperature Coefficients of Elastic Constants of Single Crystal MgO between 80 K and 1300 K, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 9, pp. 38-47 (1983). |
| 125 | D. G. Isaak, O. L. Anderson, and T. Goto, Measured Elastic Moduli of Single-Crystal MgO up to 1800 K, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 16, pp. 704-713 (1989). |
| 126 | R. A. Penty, D.P.H. Hasselman, and R. M. Spriggs, Young's Modulus of High-Density Polycrystalline Mullite, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 169-170 (1972). |
| 127 | K. S. Mazdiyasni and L. M. Brown, Synthesis and Mechanical Properties of Stoichiometric Aluminum Silicate (Mullite), Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 55, pp. 548-552 (1972). |
| 128 | B. L. Metcalfe and J. H. Sant, The Synthesis, Microstructure and Physical Properties of High Purity Mullite, Transactions of the British Ceramic Society, Vol. 74, pp. 193-201 (1975). |
| 129 | M.G.M.U. Ismail, Z. Nakai, and S. Somiya, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mullite Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. C-7-C-8 (1987). |
| 130 | M. I. Osendi and C. Baudin, Mechanical Properties of Mullite Materials, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 16, pp. 217-224 (1996). |
| 131 | C. Baudin, Fracture Mechanisms in a Stoichiometric 3Al2O3·2SiO2 Mullite, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 32, pp. 2077-2086 (1997). |
| 132 | H. Ledbetter, S. Kim, D. Balzar, S. Crudele, and W. Kriven, Elastic Properties of Mullite, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 1025-1028 (1998). |
| 133 | A. K. Yahya and R. Abd-Shukor, Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements on PrBa2Cu3O7-(delta) ((delta) =0.1, 0.5), Physica B, Vol. 252, pp. 237-243 (1998). |
| 134 | S. L. Dole, O. Hunter, Jr., and F. W. Calderwood, Elastic Properties of Polycrytalline Scandium and Thulium Sesquioxides, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 167-168 (1977). |
| 135 | H. J. McSkimin, Measurement of Elastic Constants at Low Temperatures by Means of Ultrasonic Waves - Data for Silicon and Germanium Single Crystals, and for Fused Silica, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 988-997 (1953). |
| 136 | S. Spinner, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 229-234 (1954). |
| 137 | S. Spinner, Elastic Moduli of Glasses at Elevated Temperatures by a Dynamic Method, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 39, pp. 113-118 (1956). |
| 138 | H. J. McSkimin, Measurement of Ultrasonic Wave Velocities and Elastic Moduli for Small Solid Specimens at High Temperatures, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 287-295 (1959). |
| 139 | E. H. Carnevale, L. C. Lynnworth, and G. S. Larson, Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli at Elevated Temperatures, using Momentary Contact, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 36, No. 9, pp. 1678-1684 (1964). |
| 140 | M. Fukuhara and A. Sanpei, High Temperature-Elastic Moduli and Internal Dilational and Shear Frictions of Fused Quartz, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 33, pp. 2890-2893 (1994). |
| 141 | M. Fukuhara, A. Sanpei, and K. Shibuki, Low Temperature Elastic Moduli, Debye Temperature and Internal Dilational and Shear Frictions of Fused Quartz, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 32, pp. 1207-1211 (1997). |
| 142 | S. Spinner, Temperature Dependence of Elastic Constants of Vitreous Silica, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 394-397 (1962). |
| 143 | O. Hunter, H. J. Korklan, and R. R. Suchomel, Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline Monoclinic Sm2O3, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 267-268 (1974). |
| 144 | S. Spinner, F. P. Knudsen, and L. Stone, Elastic Constant-Porosity Relations for Polycrystalline Thoria, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 67C, No. 1, pp. 39-46 (1963). |
| 145 | W. P. Minnear and R. C. Bradt, Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline TiO2-x, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 60, No. 9, pp. 458-459 (1977). |
| 146 | J. Li, S. Forberg, and L. Hermansson, Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Hot Isostatically Pressed Titania and Titania-Calcium Phosphate Composites, Biomaterials, Vol. 12, pp. 438-440 (1991). |
| 147 | O. Anderson, C. R. Ottermann, R. Kuschnereit, P. Hess, and K. Bange, Density and Young's Modulus of Thin TiO2 Films, Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 358, pp. 315-318 (1997). |
| 148 | D. G. Isaak, J. D. Carnes, O. L. Anderson, H. Cynn, and E. Hake, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 26, 31-43 (1998). |
| 149 | J. B. Wachtman, Jr. and M. L. Wheat, Elastic Constants of Single Crystal UO2 at 25 °C, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 16, pp. 39-41 (1965). |
| 150 | A. Padel and Ch. de Novion, Constantes Elastiques des Carbures, Nitrures et Oxydes d'Uranium et de Plutonium, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 33, pp. 40-51 (1969). |
| 151 | J. P. Panakkal and J. K. Ghosh, Ultrasonic Velocity in Sintered Uranium Dioxide Pellets, Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 3, pp. 835-836 (1984). |
| 152 | V. M. Baranov, Y. K. Bibilashvili, I. S. Golovnin, V. N. Kakurin, T. S. Men'shikova, Y. V. Miloserdin, and A. V. Rimashevskii, In-Reactor Measurements of the Modulus of Elasticity of Uranium Dioxide, Soviet Atomic Energy, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 37-39 (1976). |
| 153 | J. P. Panakkal, Use of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Velocity as a Predictor of Elastic Moduli and Density of Sintered Uranium Dioxide, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 161-165 (1991). |
| 154 | V. Roque, B. Cros, D. Baron, and P. Dehaudt, Effects of the Porosity in Uranium Dioxide on Microacoustic and Elastic Properties, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 277, pp. 211-216 (2000). |
| 155 | D. P. Almond, E. Lambson, G. A. Saunders, and W. Hong, An Ultrasonic Study of the Elastic Properties of the Normal and Superconducting States of YBa2Cu3O7-(delta), Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics, Vol. 17, pp. L221-L224 (1987). |
| 156 | N. McN. Alford, J. D. Birchall, W. J. Clegg, M. A. Harmer, K. Kendall, and D. H. Jones, Physical and Mechanical Properties of YBa2Cu3O7-(delta) Superconductors, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 23, pp. 761-768 (1988). |
| 157 | M. Cankurtaran, G. A. Saunders, J. R. Willis, A. Al-Kheffaji, and D. P. Almond, Bulk Modulus and Its Pressure Derivative of YBa2Cu3O7-x, Physical Review B, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 2872-2875 (1989). |
| 158 | A. Al-Kheffaji, M. Cankurtaran, G. A. Saunders, D. P. Almond, E. F. Lambson, and R. C. J. Draper, Elastic Behaviour under Pressure of High-Tc Superconductors RBa2Cu3O7-x (R = Y, Gd and Eu), Philosophical Magazine B, Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 487-497 (1989). |
| 159 | J. P. Singh, H. J. Leu, R. B. Poeppel, E. Van Voorhees, G. T. Goudey, K. Winsley, and D. Shi, Effect of Silver and Silver Oxide Additions on the Mechanical and Superconducting Properties of YBa2Cu3O7-(delta) Superconductors, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 66, No. 7, pp. 3154-3159 (1989). |
| 160 | B. Bridge and R. Round, Density Dependence of the Ultrasonic Properties of High-Tc Sintered YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductors, Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 8, pp. 691-694 (1989). |
| 161 | M. C. Bhardwaj and A. S. Bhalla, Ultrasonic Characterization of Ceramic Superconductors, Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 10, pp. 210-213 (1991). |
| 162 | M. Cankurtaran, G. A. Saunders, K. C. Goretta, and R. B. Poeppel, Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Properties and Their Pressure and Temperature Dependences in Very Dense YBa2Cu3O7-x, Physical Review B, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 1157-1165 (1992). |
| 163 | P. V. Reddy, R. R. Reddy, K. B. Reddy, and V. N. Mulay, Ulrasonic Anomalies in Y-Ba-Cu-O High-Tc Superconducting Materials, Modern Physics Letters B, Vol. 7, No. 22, pp. 1457-1465 (1993). |
| 164 | M. Cankurtaran, G. A. Saunders, and K. C. Goretta, Ultrasonic Study of the Temperature and Pressure Dependences of the Elastic Properties of Fully Oxygenated YBa2Cu3O6.94, Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 7, pp. 4-9 (1994). |
| 165 | P. V. Reddy, S. Shekar, and K. Somaiah, Elasticity Studies of RE-Ba-Cu-O High-Tc Superconductors, Materials Letters, Vol. 21, pp. 21-29 (1994). |
| 166 | H. Ledbetter, M. Lei, A. Hermann, and Z. Sheng, Low-Temperature Elastic Constants of Y1Ba2Cu3O7, Physica C, Vol. 225, pp. 397-403 (1994). |
| 167 | Z. Zhong, Y. Qianjin, T. Xinlu, Z. Lizhong, W. Qimin, and Z. Peiqiang, The Dynamical Mechanical Properties of YBCO Superconductor, Experimental Techniques, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 25-27 (1994). |
| 168 | R. R. Reddy, O. M. Prakash, and R. V. Reddy, The Effect of Porosity on Elastic Moduli of YBa2Cu3O7-(delta) High Tc Superconductors, Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 215-222 (1995). |
| 169 | Q. Wang, G. A. Saunders, D. P. Almond, M. Cankurtaran, and K. C. Goretta, Elastic and Nonlinear Acoustic Properties of YBa2Cu3O7-x Ceramics with Different Oxygen Contents, Physical Review B, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 3711-3726 (1995). |
| 170 | L. Masi, E. Borchi, and S. de Gennaro, Porosity Behaviour of Ultrasonic Velocities in Polycrystalline Y-B-C-O, Journal of Physics F: Applied Physics, Vol. 29, pp. 2015-2019 (1996). |
| 171 | F. Yu, K. W. White, and R. Meng, Mechanical Characterization of Top-Seeded Melt-Textured YBa2Cu3O7-(delta) Single Crystal, Physica C, Vol. 276, pp. 295-308, (1997). |
| 172 | F. Tancret, G. Desgardin, and F. Osterstock, Influence of Porosity on the mechanical Properties of Cold Isostatically Pressed and Sintered YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductors, Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 505-523 (1997). |
| 173 | P. V. Reddy and M. Murakami, Elastic Behavior of Melt-Powder-Melt-Growth Processed YBa2Cu3O7-(delta), Modern Physics Letters B, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 261-270 (1999). |
| 174 | R. Sreekumar, J. Isaac, J. Philip, K. V. Paulose, M. T. Sebastian, and A. D. Damodaran, Elastic and Thermal Properties of Yttrium Barium Zirconate, Physica Status Solidi (a), Vol. 133, pp. 341-347 (1992). |
| 175 | M. O. Marlowe and D. R. Wilder, Elasticity and Internal Friction of Polycrystalline Yttrium Oxide, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 227-233 (1965). |
| 176 | W. R. Manning and O. Hunter, Jr., Porosity Dependence of Young's and Shear Moduli of Polycrystalline Yttrium Oxide, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 51, No. 9, pp. 537-538 (1968). |
| 177 | O. Yeheskel and O. Tevet, Elastic Moduli of Transparent Yttria, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 136-144 (1999). |
| 178 | J. W. Palko, W. M. Kriven, S. V. Sinogeikin, J. D. Bass, and A. Sayir, Elastic Constants of Yttria (Y2O3) Monocrystals to High Temperatures, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 89, No. 12, pp. 7791-7796 (2001). |
| 179 | R. W. Dickson and R. C. Anderson, Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Moduli of 91Y2O3 + 9ThO2 from 25° to 1100°C, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 233-234 (1968). |
| 180 | C. E. Holcombe, T. T. Meek, and N. L. Dykes, Unusual Properties of Microwave-Sintered Yttria-2wt% Zirconia, Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 7, pp. 881-884 (1988). |
| 181 | B. R. Powell, Jr., O. Hunter, Jr., and W. R. Manning, Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline Ytterbium Oxide, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 54, No. 10, pp. 488-490 (1971). |
| 182 | L. P. Martin, D. Dadon, and M. Rosen, Evaluation of Ultrasonically Determined Elasticity-Porosity Relations in Zinc Oxide, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 1281-1289 (1996). |
| 183 | A. K. Mukhopadhyay, M. R. Chaudhuri, A. Seal, S. K. Dalui, M. Banerjee, and K. K. Phani, Mechanical Characterization of Microwave Sintered Zinc Oxide, Bulletin of Materials Science, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 125-128 (2001). |
| 184 | C. F. Smith and W. B. Crandall, Calculated High-Temperature Elastic Constants for Zero Porosity Monoclinic Zirconia, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 47, No. 12, pp. 624-627 (1964). |
| 185 | J. W. Adams, R. Ruh, and K. S. Mazdiyasni, Young's Modulus, Flexural Strength, and Fracture of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia versus Temperature, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 903-908 (1997). |
| 186 | M. A. Ewaida, A. A. Higazy, B. Bridge, and M. M. Abou Sekkina, Elastic Constants of the Iron Oxide Doped Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 24, pp. 3660-3666 (1989). |
| 187 | Y. Kubota, M. Ashizuka, E. Ishida, and T. Mitamura, Influence of Temperature on Elastic Modulus and Strength of MgO-Partially Stabilized Zirconia (Mg-PSZ), Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, Vol. 102, No. 8, pp. 708-712 (1994). |
| 188 | W. J. Wei and Y. Lin, Mechanical and Thermal Shock Properties of Size Graded MgO-PSZ Refractory, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 20, pp. 1159-1167 (2000). |
| 189 | Y. Kubota, M. Ashizuka, and H. Hokazono, Elastic Modulus and Fracture Toughness of CeO2-Containing Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals, Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, Vol. 102, No. 2, pp. 175-179 (1994). |
| 190 | G. A. Gogotsi, V. P. Zavada, and M. V. Swain, Mechanical Property Characterization of a 9 mol% Ce-TZP Ceramic Material, I: Flexural Response, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 15, pp. 1185-1192 (1995). |
| 191 | Z. Zhang, D. Jin, L. Li, Z. Tu, L. Zhao, P. Zhang, and J. Zhao, Fracture Strength and Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Ce- and Er-TZP at Low Temperature, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 78, No. 9, pp. 2548-2550 (1995). |
| 192 | J. Luo and R. Stevens, Porosity-Dependence of Elastic Moduli and Hardness of 3Y-TZP Ceramics, Ceramics International, Vol. 25, pp. 281-286 (1999). |
| 193 | S. P. Timoshenko, On the Correction for Shear of the Differential Equation for Transverse Vibrations of Prismatic Bars, Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 41, Sixth Series, pp. 744-746 (1921). |
| 194 | E. Goens, Über die Bestimmung des Elastizitätsmoduls von Stäben mit Hilfe von Beigungsschwingungen, Annalen der Physik, 5 Folge, Band 11, Reihe 403, Heft 6, 649-678 (1931). |
| 195 | F. Forster, Ein neues Messverfahren zur Bestimmung des Elastizitätsmoduls und Dampfung, Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 109-115 (1937). |
A substantial effort has been made to select data for this database on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) makes no warranties regarding its use, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the database.
Certain trade names and other commercial designations are used in this work for the purpose of clarity. In no case does such identification imply endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that products or services so identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
How are data evaluated?
Scientific and technical data may be examined from three viewpoints:
The description of data generation is crucial. The identification and control of all relevant independent variables must be addressed and demonstrated. For mature areas such as thermodynamics and atomic physics, many measurement techniques are well characterized. In these cases, the adherence to physical laws and intercomparisons predominate. For areas in which behavior is not well understood, such as corrosion, data from different experiments are not usually comparable. Consequently, documentation of control of the experimental condition is most important.
All solid materials can deform, stretch, compress, bend, flex, shear, twist, or otherwise deviate from their original unstressed sizes and shapes when subjected to external forces or internal thermal stresses. This propensity of materials to deform under exerted forces is a critically important consideration in the design of any mechanical component whose operation depends on its ability to sustain loads or to maintain dimensions within specified tolerances. Especially important is the condition known as elastic deformation.
The deformation produced by an external force acting on a solid is said to be elastic when removing the external force returns the solid to its original undeformed state.
The present compilation of elastic moduli data for polycrystalline oxide ceramics includes Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Poisson's ratio. The data have been collected from the technical literature, either as reported in textual or tabular formats or as digitized from graphical formats. Special attention has been given to the dependence of the moduli on porosity and temperature.
NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR) 6853
Database Reference: NIST Structural Ceramics Database, SRD Database Number 30
Journal Reference:
Elastic Moduli Data for Polycrystalline Ceramics, R. G. Munro, NISTIR 6853, (2002),
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.
Other materials: Elastic Moduli Data
Other materials Properties: Property Data Summaries
| Ref. Nbr. |
Exhibit Type |
Exhibit Number |
Value Type |
Measurement Method |
Matl. Nbr. |
T [°C] |
d [g/cm3] |
p [%] |
VL [km/s] |
VS [km/s] |
E [GPa] |
G [GPa] |
B [GPa] |
nu |
Table Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 1 | 23 | 5.2872 | 3.205 | 1.62 | 36.9 | 13.9 | 35.8 | 0.328 | 1 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 2 | 23 | 5.3057 | 4.398 | 2.43 | 80.1 | 31.3 | 60.9 | 0.28 | 2 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 3 | 23 | 5.0711 | 3.345 | 1.794 | 42.3 | 16.3 | 35 | 0.298 | 3 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 4 | 23 | 5.0262 | 3.38 | 1.825 | 43.2 | 16.7 | 35.1 | 0.294 | 4 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 5 | 23 | 5.011 | 3.72 | 1.96 | 50.5 | 19.3 | 43.6 | 0.308 | 5 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 6 | 23 | 5.0024 | 4.418 | 2.208 | 65.1 | 24.4 | 65.1 | 0.334 | 6 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 7 | 23 | 5.02 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 8 | 23 | 5.3303 | 5.248 | 2.849 | 111.8 | 43.3 | 89.1 | 0.291 | 8 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 9 | 23 | 5.687 | 3.531 | 1.852 | 51.1 | 19.5 | 44.9 | 0.31 | 9 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 10 | 23 | 5.7175 | 3.011 | 1.67 | 40.6 | 15.9 | 30.6 | 0.278 | 10 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 11 | 23 | 5.6398 | 3.475 | 1.975 | 55.5 | 22 | 38.8 | 0.261 | 11 | |
| 186 | Table | I | x | ult. pulse echo | 12 | 23 | 5.5051 | 4.926 | 2.777 | 107.7 | 42.5 | 76.9 | 0.267 | 12 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 1 | 23 | 5.6601 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 2 | 23 | 5.6474 | 4.502 | 2.481 | 89.2 | 34.8 | 68.1 | 0.282 | 2 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 3 | 23 | 5.5385 | 3.891 | 2.142 | 65.2 | 25.4 | 49.9 | 0.283 | 3 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 4 | 23 | 5.37 | 3.975 | 2.175 | 65.3 | 25.4 | 40.9 | 0.286 | 4 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 5 | 23 | 5.3109 | 4.21 | 2.203 | 67.6 | 25.8 | 59.7 | 0.311 | 5 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 6 | 23 | 5.306 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 7 | 23 | 5.147 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 8 | 23 | 5.4875 | 5.763 | 3.052 | 133.4 | 51.1 | 114.2 | 0.305 | 8 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 9 | 23 | 5.8622 | 5.267 | 2.55 | 102.5 | 38.1 | 111.8 | 0.345 | 9 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 10 | 23 | 5.787 | 3.459 | 1.859 | 51.9 | 20 | 42.5 | 0.297 | 10 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 11 | 23 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 11 | |
| 186 | Table | II | x | ult. pulse echo | 12 | 23 | 5.5905 | 5.275 | 2.961 | 124.5 | 49 | 90.3 | 0.27 | 12 |