IUPAC-NIST Solubilities Database

IUPAC-NIST Solubility Database
NIST Standard Reference Database 106

Solubility System: Benzene with Water

Components:
   (1) Water; H2O; [7732-18-5]  NIST Chemistry WebBook for detail
   (2) Benzene; C6H6; [71-43-2]  NIST Chemistry WebBook for detail

Evaluator:
   G.T. Hefter, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, W.A., Australia. June 1986.

Critical Evaluation:

   Quantitative solubility data for the system benzene (1) and water (2) have been reported in the references listed in Table 1.

Quantitative solubility data for the benzene-heavy water (D₂O) system are given in the papers by Ben-Naim et al. (ref 73), in terms of the Ostwald absorption coefficient, and Backx and Goldman (ref 99). However, these data have not been determined under comparable conditions and thus no Critical Evaluation is possible. The interested user is referred to the relevant Data Sheets for experimental values. Solubility data may also be calculated from the calorimetric data of Gill et al. (ref 86). Bröllos et al. (ref 69) have also reported data on a critical locus in the D₂O-benzene system (cf. Section 3 below).

Critical phenomena in the benzene-water system have been reported by Alwani and Schneider (ref 63), Roof (ref 70) and Scheffer (ref 108). These data are discussed along with the solubility data at elevated pressures in Section 3 below.

The extensive information available for the solubility of benzene in brine solutions is considered in a separate Critical Evaluation immediately following the benzene-water Data Sheets.

Apart from the papers by Roof (ref 70) and Scheffer (ref 108) Which did not contain sufficient information to justify their inclusion; and the work of Horiba (ref 3), Vermillion (ref 17), Thompson (ref 47) and Herz (ref 107) which were not available for inspection, the original data in all of the publications listed in Table 1 are compiled in the Data Sheets immediately following this Critical Evaluation. The data of Gobachev et al. (ref 109,110) are noted but arrived too late to be included in this Evaluation.

In the benzene-water system the mutual solubilities are sufficiently low at atmospheric pressures to enable data reported on w/v fractions (or equivalent) to be converted to mass percent solubilities with reasonable precision by assuming solution densities to be the same as the pure solvents. These conversions are given on the Data Sheets and data are included in this Evaluation. The data of Herz (ref 1), Jaeger (ref 7), Milligan (ref 8), Durand (ref 20,25), Booth and Everson (ref 22,27), Jones and Monk (ref 50) and Sada et al. (ref 84) given in v/v fractions have not been converted and so have been excluded.

For convenience, further discussion of this system will be divided into three parts: the solubility of benzene in water and of water in benzene at atmospheric pressure, and their mutual solubilities at higher temperatures and pressures.

In the Tables that follow, values obtained by the Evaluator by graphical interpolation of the original measurements compiled in the data sheets are indicated by an asterisk (*). The uncertainty limits (given as standard deviations, σ_n) attached to the mean "Best" values do not have statistical significance and should be regarded only as a convenient representation of the spread of values rather than as error limits. Where relevant, 95% confidence intervals have been calculated for the mass percentage solubilities, as error estimates using the t-distribution and are given along with the mean values. Errors estimated have not been included for the mole fraction solubilities because of space limitations but may be assumed to be the same (proportionately) as those given for the mass percentage solubilities. The letter (R) indicates "Recommended" data. Data are "Recommended" if σ_n is less than 5% (relative) of the average solubility. All other data are regarded as Tentative.

1. SOLUBILITY OF BENZENE (1) IN WATER (2) AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Table 1 shows a plethora of studies of the solubility of benzene in water: 29 independent values have been reported at 298 K! Most of the data are in good agreement enabling solubilities to be "Recommended" over almost the entire liquid range at atmospheric pressure.

The data of Nine (ref 15), Stearns et al. (ref 21), McBain and Lissant (ref 31), Hayashi and Sasaki (ref 37), Kidchadker and McKetta (ref 46, atmospheric pressure data only), Udovenko and Aleksandrova (ref 53), Worley (ref 68), Pierotti and Liabastre (ref 72), Krasnoshchekova and Gubergrits (ref 82), Koreman and Aref'eva (ref 90,91), Schwarz (ref 98) and Sanemasa et al. (ref 100,101,103), reported mainly at 293 or 298 K, disagree markedly with other studies and have therefore been rejected.

The approximate solubility of Griswold et al. (ref 28), Taha et al. (ref 62) and Budantseva et al. (ref 85) have been excluded from consideration because of the abundance of more precise values.

All other data on the solubility of benzene in water are included in Table 2. Also included in Table 2 are mean "Best" values and the 95% confidence intervals.

Figure 1 plots the mean solubility values as a function of temperature. Using non-linear regression, these values can be fitted to an equation of the form:

s(g(1)/100g s1n) = 5.5773 - 4.6067 x 10^-2T + 1.2504 x 10^-4T² - 1.0489 x 10^-7T³ [1] (Range T: 273-343K, std. error of estimate = 0.0008 g(1)/100g sln., correlation coefficient = 0.9995).

A similar equation was obtained by Arnold et al. (ref 40) from a least squares treatment of their own data:

s(g(1)/100g sln) = 0.1784 - 7.436 x 10^-4t + 1.906 x 10^-5t² + 1.217 x 10^-7t³ [2] (Range t: 5-70^οC, std. dev. 0.0028 g(1)/100g sln).

Solubilities calculated from equation (2) are generally 2% (relative) lower than those obtained from equation (1), i.e. within the limits of precision of Recommended values in Table 2.

Gill et al. (ref 86) present an alternative equation derived from calorimetric studies of the enthalpy and heat capacity of solution of benzene in water between 288 and 303 K.

ln{x₁ (T) /x ₁ (T⁺)} = (ΔC^∞_p,sln/R){ln(T/T⁺) + (T⁺/T) - 1} (ΔC^∞_p,s1n = 225 J K ^-1 mo1^-1, T⁺ = 289.0 K, ln x₁(T⁺) = -7.843)

where ΔC^∞_p,s1n is the infinite dilution heat capacity for benzene in water and T⁺ the temperature of the solubility minimum. Solubilities calculated from this equation are in good agreement (typically lower by 2% relative) with equation [1] over the range 288-303 K. However, they show a systematically increasing deviation at higher temperatures rising to -5.3% at 333 K, i.e. slightly outside the precision limits of the recommended values although well within the 95% confidence interval.

Consistent with these findings, application of the van't Hoff equation to the recommended solubilities (Table 2) gives ΔH^∞_s1n = 2.07 kJ mo1^-1 and ΔC^∞_p,s1n = 232 J K^-1 mo1^-1 for the dissolution of benzene in water in good agreement with the experimental values of Gill et al. No evidence was found for any dependence of ΔC^∞_p,s1n on temperature.

Finally, it is worthwhile noting that Green and Frank (ref 96) have concluded from Henry's law measurements and other thermodynamic data that benzene dissolves in water in monomeric form. These authors also show that solubility determinations based on the measurement of benzene in the vapor-phase by UV spectrophotometry (e.g. ref 73) may be seriously in error.

2. THE SOLUBILITY OF WATER (2) IN BENZENE (1) AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Despite the many studies of the solubility of water in benzene the reported values are in only fair agreement. This is probably a reflection of the difficulties of quantitating the relatively low water solubility. Thus, the absolute uncertainty in the averaged solubility of (2) in (1) is virtually independent of the magnitude of the solubility thereby increasing the relative uncertainty at lower solubilities.

The wealth of publications reporting solubility as a function of temperature (ref 2, 5, 6, 13, 19, 32, 56, 61, 81) enables a particularly critical appraisal of all reported solubilities. Hence data which might be acceptable in less well-investigated systems, have been rejected if they deviate significantly from averaged values. This procedure has a small effect on the mean value but often results in a substantial decrease in the uncertainty (σ_n).

On this basis the data of Clifford (ref 4), Rosenbaum and Walton (ref 11; data below 303 K retained), Tarassenkow and Poloshinzewa (ref 13; data above 283 K retained), Berkengeim (ref 18), Joris et al. (ref 23,24), Wing and Johnston (ref 39), Englin et al. (ref 56; data below 303 K retained), Budantseva et al. (ref 85) and Bittrich (ref 95) have been rejected. Most of these data are lower than the mean values. The approximate values of Griswold et al. (ref 28) and McCants et al. (ref 36) have also been excluded as more precise data are available. All other data are included in Table 3.

It is interesting to note that the average solubilities reported in the more recent studies (ref 58, 59, 61, 64, 68, 76, 78, 81, 87, 94, 102) tend to be somewhat higher than the overall average and with considerably smaller σ_n (see Table 3). The reasons for these differences are unclear but could be due to improved analytical or purification techniques. If only the more recent data are considered then the averaged values could be "Recommended" between 283 and 298 K. However, comparison of the earlier data (with ref 58 arbitrarily chosen as the cut off) with the more recent values by standard statistical procedures (t-test or F-test) indicates that these two data sets differ significantly (P < 0.05) only at 298 K and possibly 288 K. Further careful measurements are required to resolve this situation.

Figure 2 plots the mean solubility values as a function of temperature. These values can be fitted to an equation of the form:

s(g (2)/100g s1n) = -5.6667 + 6.3535 x 10^-2 T - 2.4024 × 10^-4 T² + 3.0752 x 10^-7 T³ (Range: T = 273 - 343 K, std. error of estimate = 0.001 g(2)/100g s1n, correlation coefficient = 0.9998).

A similar expression was obtained by Hill (ref 6) by fitting his own data:

s(g(2)/100g s1n) = 0.03294 + 6.449 x 10^-4 t + 3.728 x 10^-5 t² (Range: t = 5 - 70°C).

Stavely et al. (ref 32) present an alternative equation, in terms of mole fraction, based on their data:

log x₂ = 2.237 - (1427/T)

over the range T = 295 - 346 K.

Application of the van't Hoff equation to the mean values in Table 3 gives ΔH^∞_s1n = 24.0 kJ mo1^-1 and ΔC^∞_p,sln = 89 J K^-1 mo1^-1 for the dissolution of water in benzene (R² = 0.9995).

3. THE MUTUAL SOLUBILITIES OF BENZENE (1) AND WATER (2) AT ELEVATED PRESSURES

To clarify the relationship between the phases in equilibrium in this system it is convenient to consider the pressure-temperature projection of the pressure-temperature-composition diagram. On such a projection, phases with the same values of pressure and temperature but different composition will be located at the same point. Benzene + water has type III phase behavior, using Scott and von Konynenburg's classification (ref 105, 106). This type of phase behaviour is characterised by two critical loci, one starting at the critical point of the least volatile component, water in the present case, and eventually approaching high pressures. The other critical locus starts at the critical point of the other component and ends on a three phase (liquid-liquid-vapor) line at a critical end point. Type III phase behavior is illustrated in Figure 3. It is important to note that the three phase line on a pressure-temperature projection corresponds to three lines on the pressure-temperature-composition diagram. In the region above the three phase line on the pressure-temperature-projection, the pressure is greater than the vapor phase and a maximum of two liquid phases is possible. There may be one or two liquid phases depending on the overall composition. To the left of the critical line starting at the least volatile component it is also possible to have one or two phases present depending on the overall composition.

Solubility data for the benzene-water system at elevated pressures have been reported in the publications listed in Table 4.

As Table 4 shows, almost none of the solubility data collected at elevated pressures have been obtained under comparable conditions thus making evaluation of their reliability difficult. Although some of the data are in reasonable agreement (e.g. the value of 22 g(1)/100g s1n at 574.85 K and 14.6 MPa (ref 44) and 22.8 g(1)/100g s1n at 573.15 K and 14.7 MPa (ref 57), most are not. Thus the interpolated solubilities of ref 46 and 55 at 311K and 5 MPa are 0.336 and 0.187 g(1)/100g s1n respectively and other broadly comparable data (e.g. ref 55 and ref 57) are only in fair agreement. It should also be noted that the atmospheric pressure data of Kudchadker and McKetta (ref 46) are in poor agreement with the "Recommended" values in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 5 summarizes solubilities of benzene and water as a function of temperature and pressure. All values were obtained by double graphical interpolation (temperature and pressure) to produce data at convenient intervals. The interested user is referred to the original measurements in the Data Sheets for more comprehensive values. For the reasons given above all the values in Table 3 should be regarded as very tentative, subject to further investigations.

Figure 4 plots the mutual solubilities of benzene and water at elevated temperatures and pressures. The chief effect is to make the solution composition at the (projected) upper critical solution temperature more benzene-rich. This is because the solubility of benzene in water shows a smaller dependence on pressure than the solubility of water in benzene at temperatures near the UCST.

A number of workers (ref 47, 49, 102) have studied the solubility of benzene in water along the three-phase equilibrium locus (Figure 3). The data are summarized graphically in Figure 5 and are seen to be in only fair agreement (note that the solubility is represented logarithmically and that the data from ref 47 is only approximate, see Figure 5 caption). The interested user is referred to the relevant Data Sheets (ref 49,102) for experimental values.

The solubility of water in benzene along the three-phase equilibrium locus has also been reported by three groups (ref 38, 47, 102). The data are summarized graphically in Figure 6 and are seen to be in reasonable agreement. Again it should be noted that the data from ref 47 are approximate only, having been obtained graphically from ref 102. The interested user is referred to the relevant Data Sheets (ref 38, 102) for experimental values.

For the benzene + water system three workers have determined the temperature and pressure of the critical end point and these are given in Table 6. The values are in surprisingly good agreement.

Alwani and Schneider (ref 63) have reported detailed measurements in the high-pressure region to the left of the critical line starting at the critical point of benzene (Figure 3) . These data are for the one phase-two phase boundary and at the pressures and temperatures studied (Table 4), the phases are at liquid-like densities. These data are classified as Tentative as they were determined using as well-tested experimental method.

Experimental Data: (Notes on the Nomenclature)

Table 1. Quantitative Solubility Studies of the Benzene (1) - Water (2) System
Author	T/K	T/KNote	Reference	Solubility	Method
Herz	295	-	1	(1) in (2)	densimetric
Groschuff	278-350	-	2	(2) in (1)	titration
Clifford	284-328	-	4	(2) in (1)	analytical
Hill	273	-	5	(2) in (1)	cryoscopic
Hill	278-343	-	6	(1) in (2)	analytical
Jaeger	373-573	-	7	(1) in (2)	cloud-point
Milligan	298	-	8	(1) in (2)	analytical
Barbundy	342	-	9	mutual	cloud-point
Uspenski	283, 295	-	10	mutual	titration, analytical
Rosenbaum and Walton	283-333	-	11	(2) in (1)	gasometric
Gross and Saylor	303	-	12	(1) in (2)	interferometric
Tarassenkow and Poloshinzewa	278-346	-	13	(2) in (1)	synthetic
Robertson	279	-	14	(2) in (1)	cryoscopic
Niini	293	-	15	mutual	refractometric, pycnometric
Saylor et al.	303-308	-	16	(1) in (2)	interferometric
Berkengeim	283-323	-	18	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
Staveley et al.	297-344	-	19	(2) in (1)	synthetic
Durand	289	-	20, 25	(1) in (2)	synthetic
Stearns et al.	298	-	21	(1) in (2)	turbidimetric
Booth and Everson	298, 333	-	22, 27	(1) in (2)	residue volume
Joris et al.	283-299	-	23, 24	(2) in (1)	radiotracer
Andrews and Keefer	298	-	26	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Griswold et al.	298, 323	-	28	mutual	cloud-point
Klevens	298	-	29	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Bohon and Claussen	273-316	-	30	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
McBain and Lissant	298	-	31	(1) in (2)	synthetic
Staveley et al.	295-346	-	32	(2) in (1)	synthetic
Donahue and Bartell	298	-	33	mutual	interferometric
McDevit and Long	298	-	34	(1) in (2)	volumetric
Morrison and Billett	298	-	35	(1) in (2)	analytical
McCants et al.	311	-	36	mutual	titration
Hayashi and Sasaki	293, 298	-	37	(1) in (2)	titration
Umano and Hayano	459-554	-	38	(2) in (1)	volumetric
Wing and Johnston	298	-	39	(2) in (1)	radiotracer
Arnold et al.	273-342	-	40	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Brady and Huff	298	-	41	(1) in (2)	vapor pressure
Pavia	282-388	-	42	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
Alexander	273-338	-	43	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Rebert and Kay	556-580	a	44	mutual	synthetic
Caddock and Davies	293	-	45	(2) in (1)	radiotracer
Kudchadker and McKetta	311-411	a	46	(1) in (2)	not specified
Franks et al.	290-336	-	48	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Guseva and Parnov	426-537	a	49	(1) in (2)	cloud-point
Jones and Monk	298-308	-	50	(2) in (1)	radiotracer
McAuliffe	298	-	51, 60	(1) in (2)	GLC
Schatzberg	293	-	52	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
Udovenko and Aleksandrova	293-353	-	53	(1) in (2)	not specified
Hoegfeldt and Bolander	298	-	54	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
Thompson and Snyder	311-477	a	55	mutual	analytical
Englin et al.	273-323	-	56	(2) in (1)	analytical
Connolly	533-573	a	57	(1) in (2)	cloud-point
Johnson et al.	298	-	58	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
Masterton and Gendrano	298	-	59	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
Moule and Thurston	282-323	-	61	(2) in (1)	radiotracer
Taha et al.	298	-	62	(1) in (2)	vapor pressure
Alwani and Schneider	523-636	a	63	mutual	synthetic
Gregory et al.	308	-	64	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
O' Grady	561-566	a	65	mutual	volumetric
Worley	298	-	66	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Burd and Braun	359-473	a	67	(2) in (1)	GLC
Roddy and Coleman	298	-	68	(2) in (1)	gravimetric
Corby and Elworthy	293	-	71	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Pierotti and Liabastre	278-319	-	72	(1) in (2)	GLC
Ben-Naim et al.	283-323	-	73	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Bradley et al.	298-328	a	74	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Filyas	568	-	75	(2) in (1)	not specified
Karlsson	287-308	-	76	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
Leinonen and Mackay	298	-	77	(1) in (2)	GLC
Polak and Lu	273, 298	-	78	mutual	GLC
Sultanov and Skripka	498-533	a	79, 89	(2) in (1)	not specified
Brown and Wasik	278-293	-	80	(2) in (1)	GLC
Goldman	283-313	-	81	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
Krasnoshchekova and Gubergrits	298	-	82	(1) in (2)	GLC
Mackay and Shiu	298	-	83	(1) in (2)	GLC
Sada et al.	298	-	84	(1) in (2)	titration
Budantseva et al.	293	-	85	mutual	GLC
Kirchnerova and Cave	298	-	87	(2) in (1)	Karl Fischer
Price	298	-	88	(1) in (2)	GLC
Korenman and Aref'eva	293, 298	-	90, 91	(1) in (2)	titration
Krzyzanowska and Szeliga	298	-	92	(1) in (2)	GLC
May et al.	298	-	93	(1) in (2)	GLC
Singh and Sah	303	-	94	(2) in (1)	titration
Bittrich et al.	293-333	-	95	mutual	GLC
Bannerjee et al.	298	-	97	(1) in (2)	radiotracer
Schwarz	297	-	98	(1) in (2)	chromatographic
Sanemasa et al.	288-318	-	100	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Sanemasa et al.	278-318	-	101	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric
Tsonopoulos and Wilson	313-473	a	102	mutual	GLC, Karl Fischer
Sanemasa et al.	298	-	103	(1) in (2)	spectrophotometric

Table 2. Recommended (R) and Tentative Values of the Solubility of Benzene (1) in Water (2)
T/K	T/KNote	Reference	Sol. Power	Solubility	Solx10(**)	Sol. Note	Best Solubility	Best Sol. Note	x₁ Power	x₁	x₁ Note
273	c	5, 43, 78	-	0.153, 0.185, 0.168 g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.169 ± 0.013 (0.032) g(1)/100g sln	b,c	4	3.90	b
278	-	30, 40, 43, 80	-	0.181, 0.172, 0.182, 0.185 g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.180 ± 0.005 (0.005) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.15 (R)	b
283	-	10, 30, 40, 43, 80	-	0.175, 0.180, 0.173, 0.179, 0.181* g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.178 ± 0.003 (0.004) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.11 (R)	b
288	-	30, 40, 43, 48, 80	-	0.178, 0.173, 0.178, 0.170, 0.179 g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.176 ± 0.003 (0.004) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.06 (R)	b
293	-	30, 43, 43, 48, 80, 95	-	0.178, 0.171, 0.178, 0.172, 0.177, 0.179 g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.176 ± 0.003 (0.003) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.06 (R)	b
298	-	26, 29, 30, 33, 35, 37, 40, 41, 43, 48, 51, 60, 71, 77, 78, 83, 92, 93, 97	-	0.174, 0.186, 0.179, 0.182, 0.172, 0.180, 0.175, 0.176, 0.180, 0.173*, 0.178, 0.170, 0.177, 0.176, 0.178, 0.174, 0.174, 0.179, 0.175 g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.177 ± 0.004 (0.002) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.09 (R)	b
303	-	12, 16, 30, 43, 43, 48	-	0.185, 0.184, 0.184, 0.177, 0.182, 0.176* g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.181 ± 0.004 (0.005) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.18 (R)	b
308	-	16, 30, 40, 43, 48	-	0.190, 0.189, 0.182, 0.187, 0.181* g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.186 ± 0.004 (0.006) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.30 (R)	b
313	-	30, 40, 43, 48, 95, 102	1	0.195, 0.188, 0.194, 0.188, 0.203, 0.192^d	4	a	0.193 ± 0.005 (0.006) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.46 (R)	b
318	-	40, 43, 48, 102	-	0.197, 0.203, 0.196, 0.201^d g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.199 ± 0.003 (0.006) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.60 (R)	b
323	-	40, 43, 48, 102	-	0.205, 0.212, 0.205*,0.209^d g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.208 ± 0.003 (0.006) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	4.81 (R)	b
328	-	40, 43, 48, 102	-	0.216, 0.223, 0.216*, 0.220^d g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.219 ± 0.003 (0.006) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	5.06 (R)	b
333	-	40, 43, 48, 102	-	0.227, 0.238, 0.228*, 0.231^d g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.231 ± 0.004 (0.007) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	5.34 (R)	b
338	-	40, 43, 48, 102	-	0.242, 0.236, 0.241*, 0.245^d g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.241 ± 0.003 (0.006) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	5.57 (R)	b
343	-	9, 40, 102	-	0.281, 0.261*, 0.259^d g(1)/100g sln	-	a	0.267 ± 0.010 (0.03) (R) g(1)/100g sln	b	4	6.17	b

Table 3. Recommended (R) and Tentative Value of the Solubility of Water (2) in Benzene (1)
T/K	Reference	Solubility	Sol. Note	Best Solubility	Best Sol. Note	x₂ Power	x₂	x₂ Note
273	2, 56, 78	0.029*, 0.0400, 0.0302 g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.33 ± 0.005 (0.012) g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	1.4	b
278	2, 6, 14, 56	0.032, 0.034, 0.035, 0.042* g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.036 ± 0.004 (0.006)^b g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	1.6	b
283	2, 6, 10, 11, 18, 42, 56, 61, 81	0.038, 0.042, 0.051, 0.0451, 0.040, 0.0425*, 0.0446, 0.045, 0.0440 g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.044 ± 0.003 (0.002) [0.0445 ± 0.0005] g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	1.9 [1.93]	b
288	2, 6, 10, 11, 13, 18, 42, 56, 61, 76, 81	0.045, 0.052, 0.057, 0.050, 0.043, 0.046, 0.0510, 0.051, 0.0530, 0.0533, 0.0522 g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.050 ± 0.004 (0.003) [0.0528 ± 0.0005] g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	2.2 [2.29]	b
293	2, 6, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 32, 42, 45, 52, 56, 61, 76, 81, 95	0.055, 0.064, 0.064, 0.0573, 0.054, 0.059, 0.053, 0.053, 0.0603, 0.052, 0.0532, 0.0582, 0.0635, 0.0631, 0.0618, 0.0586 g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.058 ± 0.006 (0.003) [0.062 ± 0.002] g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	2.5 [2.69]	b
298	2, 6, 11, 13, 19, 32, 33, 42, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 68, 76, 78, 81, 87	0.066, 0.077, 0.065, 0.065, 0.069, 0.067, 0.072, 0.0710, 0.066, 0.065, 0.0719, 0.0715, 0.0740, 0.0747, 0.0725, 0.0691, 0.0725, 0.0719 g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.070 ± 0.004 (0.002) [0.0722 ± 0.0016] g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	3.0 [3.13]	b
303	2, 3, 13, 19, 32, 42, 61, 64, 76, 81	0.080, 0.090, 0.077, 0.082, 0.083, 0.0828, 0.0860*, 0.0854, 0.082, 0.082 g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.083 ± 0.003 (0.002) (R) [0.084 ± 0.002] g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	3.60 (R) [3.64]	b
308	2, 6, 13, 19, 32, 42, 61, 64, 76, 81	0.095, 0.1405, 0.089, 0.097, 0.07, 0.0970, 0.102, 0.097, 0.102, 0.0979 g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.098 ± 0.004 (0.003) (R) [0.099 ± 0.002] g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	4.23 (R) [4.30]	b
313	2, 6, 13, 19, 32, 42, 61, 81, 102	0.114, 0.122, 0.102, 0.114, 0.114, 0.112, 0.118*, 0.110, 0.112 g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.113 ± 0.005 (0.004) (R) g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	4.87 (R)	b
318	2, 6, 13, 19, 32, 42, 61, 102	0.134, 0.140, 0.126, 0.135, 0.135, 0.131*, 0.138, 0.133^c g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.134 ± 0.004 (0.004) (R) g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	5.78 (R)	b
323	2, 6, 13, 19, 32, 42, 61, 102	0.158, 0.156, 0.150, 0.160, 0.156, 0.152, 0.160*, 0.152^c	a	0.156 ± 0.003 (0.003) (R) g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	6.74 (R)	b
328	2, 6, 13, 19, 32, 42, 102	0.184, 0.173, 0.175, 0.223, 0.210, 0.201*, 0.203^c	a	0.179 ± 0.006 (0.006) (R) g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	7.76 (R)	b
333	2, 6, 13, 19, 32, 42, 102	0.213, 0.198, 0.203, 0.223, 0.210, 0.201*, 0.203^c g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.207 ± 0.008 (0.008) (R) g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	8.96 (R)	b
338	2, 6, 13, 19, 32, 42, 102	0.246, 0.230, 0.234, 0.256, 0.242, 0.226, 0.233^c g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.238 ± 0.010 (0.010) (R) g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	10.0 (R)	b
343	2, 6, 9, 13, 19, 32, 102	0.283, 0.270, 0.279, 0.272, 0.290, 0.280, 0.266^c g(2)/100 g sln	a	0.277 ± 0.008 (0.008) (R) g(2)/100 g sln	b	3	11.9 (R)	b

Table 4. Solubility Studies of the Benzene-Water System at Elevated Pressures
Author	T/K	Reference	Pressure	Pressure Note	Solubility
Umano and Hayano	459-554	38	-	a	(2) in (1)
Rebert and Kay	560-579	44	12 - 16 MPa	-	mutual
Kudchadker and McKetta	311-411	46	0.1 - 6 MPa	-	(1) in (2)
Guseva and Parnov	426-527	49	-	b	(1) in (2)
Thompson and Snyder	311-477	55	7, 36 MPa	-	mutual
Connolly	533-573	57	10 - 80 MPa	-	(1) in (2)
Alwani and Schneider	523-636	63	15 - 302 MPa	-	mutual
O'Grady	561, 566	65	25 MPa	-	mutual
Burd and Braun	359-473	67	0.2 - 3 MPa	-	(2) in (1)
Bradley et al.	298-328	74	6 MPa	-	(1) in (2)
Filyas	568	75	1 MPa	-	(2) in (1)
Sultanov and Skripka	498-533	79, 89	5 - 79 MPa	-	(2) in (1)
Tsonopoulos and Wilson	377-485	102	0 - 3	a	mutual

Table 5. Tentative Values of the Mutual Solubilities of Benzene and Water at High Pressures^a
T/K	Pressure	Solubility	Sol. Note
313	1 MPa	0.26 g(1)/100 g sln	b
313	10 MPa	0.20 g(1)/100 g sln	-
313	20 MPa	0.22 g(1)/100 g sln	-
313	30 MPa	0.23 g(1)/100 g sln	-
373	1 MPa	0.40 g(1)/100 g sln	-
373	10 MPa	0.41 g(1)/100 g sln	-
373	20 MPa	0.50 g(1)/100 g sln	-
373	30 MPa	0.56 g(1)/100 g sln	-
423	1 MPa	1.0 g(1)/100 g sln	-
423	10 MPa	1.1 g(1)/100 g sln	-
423	20 MPa	1.1 g(1)/100 g sln	-
423	30 MPa	1.3 g(1)/100 g sln	-
473	1 MPa	3.0 g(1)/100 g sln	-
473	10 MPa	3.3 g(1)/100 g sln	-
473	20 MPa	3.5 g(1)/100 g sln	-
473	30 MPa	3.2 g(1)/100 g sln	-
523	1 MPa	6.5 g(1)/100 g sln	c
523	10 MPa	6.6 g(1)/100 g sln	c
523	20 MPa	6.9 g(1)/100 g sln	c
523	30 MPa	6.5 g(1)/100 g sln	c
313	1 MPa	0.10 g(2)/100 g sln	-
313	10 MPa	0.10 g(2)/100 g sln	-
313	20 MPa	0.09 g(2)/100 g sln	-
313	30 MPa	0.09 g(2)/100 g sln	-
373	1 MPa	0.60 g(2)/100 g sln	-
373	10 MPa	0.60 g(2)/100 g sln	-
373	20 MPa	0.55 g(2)/100 g sln	-
373	30 MPa	0.55 g(2)/100 g sln	-
423	1 MPa	1.7 g(2)/100 g sln	-
423	10 MPa	1.7 g(2)/100 g sln	-
423	20 MPa	1.6 g(2)/100 g sln	-
423	30 MPa	1.6 g(2)/100 g sln	-
473	1 MPa	4.5 g(2)/100 g sln	-
473	10 MPa	4.4 g(2)/100 g sln	-
473	20 MPa	4.4 g(2)/100 g sln	-
473	30 MPa	4.2 g(2)/100 g sln	-
523	1 MPa	-	-
523	10 MPa	13.2 g(2)/100 g sln	d
523	20 MPa	11.5 g(2)/100 g sln	d
523	30 MPa	10.2 g(2)/100 g sln	d

Table 6. Critical End Point Properties of the Benzene-Water System
Author	T/K	Pressure
Rebert and Kay	541.5	9.404 MPa
Roof	542.6	9.460 MPa
Scheffer	541.0	9.39 MPa

View Figure 1 for this Evaluation

View Figure 2 for this Evaluation

View Figure 3 for this Evaluation

View Figure 4 for this Evaluation

View Figure 5 for this Evaluation

View Figure 6 for this Evaluation

Notes:
Table 1^a  Pressure also varied, see Table 4
Table 2^a  Values marked with an asterisk (*) have been graphically interpolated by the Evaluator from the authors' original data.
Table 2^b  Obtained by averaging; figures in parentheses are the 95 % confidence intervals (t-test).
Table 2^c  Refers to supercooled liquid (l).
Table 2^d  Calculated from original authors; fitting equation over the range of their experimental investigation.
Table 3^a  Values marked with an asterisk ( * ) have been graphically interpolated by the Evaluator from the authors' original data.
Table 3^b  Figures in round parentheses ( ) are 95 % confidence intervals (t-test). Values in square parentheses [ ] are averages ± σ_n of the most recent determinations (ref 58, 59, 61, 64, 68, 76, 78, 81, 87, 94, 102).
Table 3^c  Calculated from the original authors' fitting equation over the range of their experimental data.
Table 4^a  Along three phase line.
Table 4^b  Unspecified but presumably at pressures along the three phase line.
Table 5^a  Data from ref 55 unless otherwise indicated.
Table 5^b  Averaged value of ref 46, 55.
Table 5^c  Data from ref 57.
Table 5^d  Data from ref 79, 89.

References: (Click a link to see its experimental data associated with the reference)

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